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CONSEQUENCES • HEALTH CARE
IMPACT ON ALICE
What do families do if they cannot afford health care?
For many ALICE households, doctor visits and medications are prohibitively expensive. Low-income families face problems with the cost of care and also with access to care, including long distances to providers, language and cultural barriers, transportation challenges, difficulty navigating health care systems, and difficulty making work and child care arrangements to accommodate health care appointments.8 Because these families have limited choices for accessing the care they need, they may try to:
Go Without Regular Care
ALICE families that can’t afford health care sometimes delay or go without regular care, including preventative services (checkups, vaccinations, and screenings), dental care (exams and cleanings), and mental health services.
Preventative Care
Young children below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) are less likely than those in higher-income families to receive scheduled vaccines, and low-income adults are 14 to 26 percent less likely to receive cervical, breast, and prostate cancer screenings.9
Consequences
School and work absences: Delaying or forgoing care can reduce school and work attendance and decrease quality of life. Health issues account for:
- Half or more of all school absences, with asthma and poor oral health being the leading causes
- One-third of unscheduled absences from work, resulting in lost wages for employees and reduced productivity for employer11
More serious health problems: When health issues go untreated, they become more serious and can lead to additional health problems, including life-threatening illnesses and even death.12 For example, poor oral health causes pain, can result in poor nutrition, and increases the risk for diabetes, heart disease, and poor birth outcomes.13
Mental Illness in Children and teens
Untreated mental illness in children and teens has severe social and educational consequences:14
- 50% - Share of children with a mental illness who received treatment in 2017
- 37% - Share of students with mental health conditions at age 14 who drop out of school
- 70% - Share of youth in the juvenile justice system who have a mental illness
Find Affordable Insurance Coverage
ALICE families often have trouble finding or affording health insurance coverage, sometimes winding up with inadequate insurance or no coverage at all
- Getting insurance through an employer is often the best option, but many lower-wage jobs where ALICE works — especially in the service industry — do not offer health insurance.15
- Lower-cost Marketplace health plans have been available since 2014 through the ACA, but the plans that ALICE families can afford often have minimal coverage and high deductibles.
- Medicaid provides free health care coverage for many households in poverty, but many ALICE families earn too much to qualify at their state’s eligibility levels.16 And some households — 2.5 million uninsured adults in non-Medicaid-expansion states — have income above current Medicaid eligibility but below the lower limit for Marketplace premium tax credits. In addition, 25 percent of those eligible for Medicaid/CHIP nationwide were still not enrolled as of 2017.17
Percent of Workers With Insurance and Employer-Sponsored Insurance, by Income, U.S., 2017
Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. (2017). State health facts: Employer-sponsored coverage rates for the nonelderly by Federal Poverty Level (FPL).
Consequences
Lower rates of using care: Lower-cost health insurance plans generally come with higher deductibles, which in turn, are associated with lower use of primary care services. People with deductibles greater than 5 percent of their income are less likely to use preventative care than households with lower deductibles.18
Paying more for employers plans than for Marketplace plans: ALICE workers in lower-wage jobs with health insurance coverage may actually pay more for that coverage than they would buying coverage on their own in the ACA Marketplace.19
Medical debt: Even with insurance, not all medical expenses are covered, and many plans have spending limits. Medical debt is a widespread problem and leads to additional financial challenges as well as barriers to accessing further health care. More than half of underinsured people — those that spend more than 10 percent of their household income per year on health care expenses not covered by their insurance — reported having had a medical bill or debt problem in the last year.20 For those with chronic conditions, the likelihood and amount of medical debt increases significantly.21
Difficult employment decisions: Many people — especially workers with a major illness in the family — weigh the value of insurance coverage against work opportunities like career advancement and improved working conditions. Workers with Medicaid, especially those close to the eligibility limit, may forgo additional work hours or higher-paying jobs in order to keep their Medicaid coverage.22
Provide Caregiving for a Family Member
Nationwide, over 40 million people provide unpaid care for a loved one who is ill, frail, or has a physical or mental disability.25 This is one way of saving money, especially given the high costs of institutions such as assisted living facilities. However, such care can end up taking a physical, mental, and financial toll on caregivers.
Family caregiving has significant value; the presence of an informal caregiver (such as a relative or friend) can improve well-being and recovery and defray medical care and institutionalization costs. Yet caregiving is costly for families in several ways:
Added direct costs: Almost 80 percent of caregivers incurred out-of-pocket costs related to caregiving, spending, on average, about $7,000 a year in 2016. In the same year, caregivers spent almost 20 percent of their income on caregiving, with household expenses and medical expenses accounting for the largest share of these costs. Caregivers report dipping into savings, cutting back on personal spending, saving less for retirement, or taking out loans to make ends meet.27
Lost income due to decreased hours or loss of a job: For the 60 percent of caregivers who are working, caregiving takes time away from employment. Over half (56 percent) of working caregivers report work-related strain from caregiving, including working different or fewer hours and taking time off.28
Emotional and physical strain on the caregiver: Almost 20 percent of caregivers report a high level of physical strain resulting from caregiving, and 38 percent consider their caregiving situation to be emotionally stressful. These challenges can increase depending on the patient’s illness and its severity, as well as the resources available to the caregiver.29
Move to a Healthier Community
When it comes to health, where we live matters. In a large-scale study of the health of nearly 45 million people in the U.S., researchers found that over 25 percent of diseases included in the study were influenced primarily by the environment in which people live.32 Social and economic factors (like education, employment, income, and community safety); characteristics of the physical environment (including housing and air/water quality); and proximity to care all affect health outcomes.33
Consequences
Less money for other households necessities: Neighborhoods with characteristics known to promote health — well-maintained housing, bike lanes and sidewalks, access to healthy food and recreation areas, low crime, higher-performing schools, clean water and air, and accessible health care providers — also tend to have the highest cost of living across multiple areas (housing costs, taxes, food prices, etc.).34 ALICE families who pay more to live in such communities will face tough choices in other budget areas, or be forced to borrow to make ends meet.
Residential discrimination: Many low-income households, households of color, same-sex couples and transgender people, and people with disabilities still experience discrimination when trying to move into more affluent communities, especially when they are viewed as different from the average resident. As a result, the cost of a housing search often increases for these families, and their housing options may be limited to the least desirable in the neighborhood.35
Decrease in social support: When families relocate to new communities, they may be leaving their social support network behind. Social support protects people against physical and mental health risks; without it, people are at an increased risk of poor health — including being more likely to experience stress and to engage in unhealthy behaviors like smoking or overeating.36
Sources
8
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9
Hill, H. A., Elam-Evans, L. D., Yankey, D., Singleton, J. A., & Kang, Y. (2017, November 3). Vaccination coverage among children aged 19–35 months, 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 66(43), 1171–1177. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6643a3.htm#T2_down
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10
Claxton, G., Sawyer, B., & Cox, C. (2019). How does cost affect care? Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/cost-affect-access-care/
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11
CDC Foundation. (2015, January 28). Worker illness and injury costs U.S. employers $225.8 billon annually. Retrieved from https://www.cdcfoundation.org/pr/2015/worker-illness-and-injury-costs-us-employers-225-billion-annually
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13
U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions. (2012, February 29). Dental crisis in America: The need to expand access. A Report from Chairman Bernard Sanders, Subcommittee on Primary Health & Aging. Retrieved from http://www.sanders.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/DENTALCRISIS.REPORT.pdf
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16
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2019, May 13). Status of state action on the Medicaid expansion decision. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/
17
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2017). Distribution of eligibility for ACA health coverage among those remaining uninsured as of 2017. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/distribution-of-eligibility-for-aca-coverage-among-the-remaining-uninsured/?currentTimeframe=0&selectedDistributions=medicaidother-public-eligible&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D
18
DeLia, D., & Lloyd, K. (2014, July). Sources of variation in avoidable hospital use and cost across low-income communities in New Jersey. Rutgers Center for State Health Policy. Retrieved from http://www.cshp.rutgers.edu/downloads/10470.pdf
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19
Altman, D. (2019, April 15). For low-income people, employer health coverage is worse than ACA. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/health-costs/perspective/for-low-income-people-employer-health-coverage-is-worse-than-aca/
20
Collins, S. R., Bhupal, H. K., & Doty, M. M. (2019). Health insurance coverage eight years after the ACA: Fewer uninsured Americans and shorter coverage gaps, but more underinsured. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/Collins_hlt_ins_coverage_8_years_after_ACA_2018_biennial_survey_sb.pdf
21
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22
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28
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